To determine the coefficient, the volume of the material is carefully measured as the temperature rises from one known value to another. Dilatometers can also be used to calculate the coefficient of thermal expansion. The most common example of a dilatometer is a mercury thermometer, which measures the volume and the change in volume of the trapped mercury which is used to determine the temperature of the surrounding environment. An instrument designed to measure the change in volume of some substance is called a dilatometer. Measurements of a change in volume caused by a physical or chemical process is called dilatometry. This makes metals ideal candidates to use when measuring thermal expansion.
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Metals tend to have relatively low coefficients, but they also have very high melting points, and they are not as perceptible to a material failure caused by the stress of expansion. The reason for this is that weaker bonds are overcome with less vibrational energy. The solids with the highest coefficients of thermal expansion are the ones that have weak inter-molecular bonds, typically polymers, which also tend to have low melting points. Diamond has the lowest known thermal expansion coefficient of all naturally occurring materials. The higher a coefficient of thermal expansion a material has, the more it will expand in reaction to being heated.Ĭrystals tend to have the lowest thermal expansion coefficients because their structure is extremely uniform and structurally sound. This coefficient is unique to each material and is based on their other physical properties. The amount by which a substance expands in reaction to a change in temperature is mathematically represented by a coefficient of thermal expansion. This increase in vibration pushes against the inter-molecular forces, allowing the atoms or molecules to become farther apart and the body to grow larger. This expose to an increased temperature causes an atom’s natural vibrations to grow stronger and more pronounced. When a body is heated, it is accepting and storing energy in its atoms in the form of kinetic energy.
#Nist webook water coefficient of thermal expansion series
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